Tags: bug bounty, saml, methodology, xsw, how to, saml raider, xxe, xslt, sso
This post is the first in what is to (hopefully) become a series of posts about bug bounty hunting methodologies. I started bug hunting with a strong CTF and network security background but was relatively new to web application security. I found myself continually searching out methodologies for testing different aspects of modern web applications. My success in finding those methodologies left a lot to be desired. These posts aim to compile information from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive testing methodology for the topic at hand. My hope is that anyone can use one of these posts to easily step through a particular technology and feel confident that they’ve covered their bases well enough to move on to further testing.
Part one of this particular series lays the groundwork needed to understand the testing methodology discussed later. It centers around understanding how SAML works at a high level as well as the core concepts necessary to move forward into parts two and three of this series.
Let’s begin by looking at the core concepts one must know to begin testing a SAML deployment. If you’re already familiar with the basics, feel free to skip ahead to either Part II or Part III.
Single Sign-on (SSO) is an authentication service that allows users to utilize a single set of credentials to access multiple applications. Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) is one of the ways one can implement SSO. SAML is an XML-based standard published by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS). Multi-domain web-based SSO is arguably the most important use case for which SAML is applied. There are a few other use cases for SAML, such as Federated Identity, but our focus centers around web-based SSO. At the end of the day, SAML amounts to a protocol for authenticating to web applications.
As we dive into SAML, we’ll be focusing on testing SAML v2.0, specifically the SAML v2.0 Web Browser SSO Profile which defines how to use SAML with a web browser. SAML v2.0 has been around since 2005 and is what we’re most likely to encounter during bug bounties.
I recently renewed my family’s passports. Luckily, a very easy to understand parallel can be drawn between SAML and using a passport for travel. For those of us in the US, in order to obtain a passport, we fill out the necessary paperwork, gather up all the required documentation, get a photo taken, procure a money order, bundle it all up, and ship it off to the Department of State for approval. Once we have a passport, we can prove who we are to just about anyone by furnishing the passport.
Imagine that we want to travel to Germany. All we need to do is present our passport at Customs, and we’re good to go. Germany doesn’t need to see the form we filled out, or the money order we sent, or our birth certificate. Germany also doesn’t care that we waited two months for the passport request to be processed, or that we traveled back and forth to the post office four separate times to get everything correct. All Germany is interested in is the passport. The passport proves we are who we say we are, and Germany accepts that. There is a certain amount of trust placed in the Department of State by Germany. They accept that the Department of State did their due diligence when issuing the passport.
In the example, there are three parties involved in the process of gaining entry into Germany: Germany, the US Department of State, and us. Let’s check out what those look like in terms of SAML.
Instead of reinventing the wheel with regards to a visual aid, I chose to include one already made by Google that outlines the Web Browser SSO workflow very well. The process outlined below is what’s known as an SP-Initiated Login. There is also IdP-Initiated. The distinguishing characteristic is where the authentication workflow begins. If the user starts at the SP, it’s SP-Initiated. If the user starts at the IdP, it’s IdP-Initiated. For our discussion, we’ll be focusing on the SP-Initiated workflow.

Let’s take a closer look at steps 2 and 3 outlined above. We’ll make a request to the example Service Provider for the resource located at https://shibdemo-sp1.test.edu/secure/, which as its name implies, is content that requires us to be authenticated to view.
shibdemo-sp1.test.edu is a local virtualized instance of an IdP and SP for testing, not an actual site
GET /secure/ HTTP/1.1
Host: shibdemo-sp1.test.edu
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:65.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/65.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: https://shibdemo-sp1.test.edu/
Connection: close
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1The SP generates a SAML Request because we’re not authenticated. We can see the raw SAML Request below.
1<?xml version="1.0"?>
2<samlp:AuthnRequest
3 xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol"
4 AssertionConsumerServiceURL="https://shibdemo-sp1.test.edu/Shibboleth.sso/SAML2/POST"
5 Destination="https://shibdemo-idp.test.edu/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO"
6 ID="_cdae718238ba9c207a35cc7c70b046a0"
7 IssueInstant="2019-03-12T20:54:58Z"
8 ProtocolBinding="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:bindings:HTTP-POST"
9 Version="2.0">
10 <saml:Issuer xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion">https://shibdemo-sp1.test.edu/shibboleth</saml:Issuer>
11 <samlp:NameIDPolicy AllowCreate="1"/>
12</samlp:AuthnRequest>We’ve outlined the more pertinent elements of the request above, but details about any of the other elements can be viewed in the core specification. The request above goes something like this: “Hey, please authenticate the user that sent this message to you and then have that same user hit me up when you two are done”.
With the SAML Request created, the SP now replies to our GET request for /secure/ with a 302 redirect. The 302 directs our browser to head over to the IdP. The SAML Request is encoded into the HTTP response’s Location header as part of the 302.
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2019 20:54:58 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.3 (CentOS)
Expires: Wed, 01 Jan 1997 12:00:00 GMT
Cache-Control: private,no-store,no-cache,max-age=0
Location: https://shibdemo-idp.test.edu/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO?SAMLRequest=fZJdT4MwFIb%2FCuk9FNgmWzNIcLtwyXRkoBfemFKO0gRa7Cl%2B%2FHvZmDoTs8u2b5%2B350mXyNumY2lva7WH1x7QOh9to5AdD2LSG8U0R4lM8RaQWcHy9HbLQs9nndFWC90QJ0UEY6VWK62wb8HkYN6kgPv9Nia1tR0ySrGWZQWtdrELPDs0eVD1NB92S92ArT1ETQ%2FwkGa7vCDOeshIxQ%2Fcfyiy6n4pw4IOz3mWDZwQe6ikAWFpnu%2BIs1nH5ElUHKJgHk7mJV%2BI0I%2F4ZCZEJCK%2F9KdX3B9iiD1sFFqubExCP1i4%2FsQNwiL02WzKZvNH4mSnqa%2BlqqR6uayoHEPIbooic8exHsDgcaQhQJLlQTQ7Fpsz9Zex%2FNs3SS7bxR%2B7S3pWNLZ27G4gb9aZbqT4dNKm0e8rA9xCTAJCk%2FHK39%2BRfAE%3D&RelayState=ss%3Amem%3A39430bdac29d44586c326f12b4cb3345ffa47137a374e37cba0877e0fc79ea91
Content-Length: 897
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html><head>
<title>302 Found</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Found</h1>
<p>The document has moved <a href="https://shibdemo-idp.test.edu/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO?SAMLRequest=fZJdT4MwFIb%2FCuk9FNgmWzNIcLtwyXRkoBfemFKO0gRa7Cl%2B%2FHvZmDoTs8u2b5%2B350mXyNumY2lva7WH1x7QOh9to5AdD2LSG8U0R4lM8RaQWcHy9HbLQs9nndFWC90QJ0UEY6VWK62wb8HkYN6kgPv9Nia1tR0ySrGWZQWtdrELPDs0eVD1NB92S92ArT1ETQ%2FwkGa7vCDOeshIxQ%2Fcfyiy6n4pw4IOz3mWDZwQe6ikAWFpnu%2BIs1nH5ElUHKJgHk7mJV%2BI0I%2F4ZCZEJCK%2F9KdX3B9iiD1sFFqubExCP1i4%2FsQNwiL02WzKZvNH4mSnqa%2BlqqR6uayoHEPIbooic8exHsDgcaQhQJLlQTQ7Fpsz9Zex%2FNs3SS7bxR%2B7S3pWNLZ27G4gb9aZbqT4dNKm0e8rA9xCTAJCk%2FHK39%2BRfAE%3D&RelayState=ss%3Amem%3A39430bdac29d44586c326f12b4cb3345ffa47137a374e37cba0877e0fc79ea91">here</a>.</p>
<hr>
<address>Apache/2.2.3 (CentOS) Server at shibdemo-sp1.test.edu Port 443</address>
</body></html>The RelayState parameter sent along with the SAML Request is state information sent by the SP to the IdP so that the SP knows who initially asked for the resource when the SAML Response comes back. The SAML Response must contain the same RelayState value.
The SAMLRequest parameter is a compressed and encoded version of the same raw xml snippet we looked at earlier. SAML uses the Deflate compression algorithm then base64 encodes the result.
There’s an excellent online SAML tool suite provided by onelogin where we can play around with the ways that SAML handles encoding/decoding and encryption/decryption, among other things.

That wraps up steps 2 and 3. Let’s keep digging in and see what happens on the IdP end.
We’re going to eschew stepping through the part where the user authenticates to the IdP and jump straight into steps 5 and 6 from what was discussed in the SAML Authentication Workflow. Just keep in mind that what we’re going to look at happens after the user authenticates to the IdP.
Let’s start by taking a look at the raw SAML Response.
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
2<samlp:Response Destination="https://shibdemo-sp1.test.edu/Shibboleth.sso/SAML2/POST" ID="_2af3ff4a06aa82058f0eaa8ae7866541" InResponseTo="_cdae718238ba9c207a35cc7c70b046a0" IssueInstant="2019-03-12T20:54:54.061Z" Version="2.0" xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol">
3 <saml:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:entity" xmlns:saml="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion">https://shibdemo-idp.test.edu/idp/shibboleth</saml:Issuer>
4 <ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
5 <ds:SignedInfo>
6 <ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/>
7 <ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"/>
8 <ds:Reference URI="#_2af3ff4a06aa82058f0eaa8ae7866541">
9 <ds:Transforms>
10 <ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"/>
11 <ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/>
12 </ds:Transforms>
13 <ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
14 <ds:DigestValue>Se+WwXd5r44J56LauTz/wnP3jWg=</ds:DigestValue>
15 </ds:Reference>
16 </ds:SignedInfo>
17 <ds:SignatureValue>f8X28hHMpnTi/Hqi6phuxqbYKsf99Qi8QqVI3x3zRj6njs+J9ey7qxw4GTMV657IfmmMotE0IAIrmPh3lebX65bCUCpiDtFaP04KjWNGGWa7z6rjwhRIY6chYGYzdmrXWmvY2EXW3nkynAJ2vXo5mncOz2P17/bQgqDU6BTzfRzYU6q6TcGLjRd7pGMGbBm6wH5c8aHM4FaQZNv7qHkIVvTlCRcpg/b8qS2fWW8kwgklLXd1xTCXh9XedxrFWq75nSFZ6FiakfUMybC5YIqZ7nr4GfVKqdmh3wvCF/P9jrUkBNDsw3Id63UAwbnMVvBAYt2tgfiD5hpJ3ZLkzjds+g==</ds:SignatureValue>
18 <ds:KeyInfo>
19 <ds:X509Data>
20 <ds:X509Certificate>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</ds:X509Certificate>
21 </ds:X509Data>
22 </ds:KeyInfo>
23 </ds:Signature>
24 <samlp:Status>
25 <samlp:StatusCode Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Success"/>
26 </samlp:Status>
27 <saml:Assertion xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" ID="_e0acf8ced7e2cafc7c65b2c097842486e0838d76e0" IssueInstant="2019-03-13T22:44:33Z" Version="2.0">
28 <saml:Issuer>https://shibdemo-idp.test.edu/idp/shibboleth</saml:Issuer>
29 <ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
30 <ds:SignedInfo>
31 <ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/>
32 <ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"/>
33 <ds:Reference URI="#_e0acf8ced7e2cafc7c65b2c097842486e0838d76e0">
34 <ds:Transforms>
35 <ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"/>
36 <ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/>
37 </ds:Transforms>
38 <ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
39 <ds:DigestValue>kDAb3x6EFvA9VblqwbIFcCnLQvo=</ds:DigestValue>
40 </ds:Reference>
41 </ds:SignedInfo>
42 <ds:SignatureValue>e6qavbOCH8YAAMzDXnEwT4R7VBvan2gfYU6f5M1Akp6bqZqu3H4iJ5/VKtkMb7773E4RtDpY1vy9+6hLd/BQ2V5ZN6HG12JOVAgCr9rzna2sgNDYzGfmHsOwD9QJTOYZIFU3mtOSK6Lk8bZxM7wK5X0vmRNHI5a3oQlbWy9O6NtqZdm2AwI+zXb2ePV6lILjyoGkeuRId/35lA57OW+lBsGSz1T/X+5kVBdWRAYib2FAvGLIxInLt7jEDDfh93unL+YcbXevRcQLnKzrqTmu9TFIq+w0KeEnYxxPtCCmnnv86LWDhW30RJH2cS7kTsHa271RPsCCuutJD1QSaxVP1w==
43 </ds:SignatureValue>
44 <ds:KeyInfo>
45 <ds:X509Data>
46 <ds:X509Certificate>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</ds:X509Certificate>
47 </ds:X509Data>
48 </ds:KeyInfo>
49 </ds:Signature>
50 <saml:Subject>
51 <saml:NameID Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient" SPNameQualifier="https://shibdemo-sp1.test.edu/shibboleth">_29b7a1a396d841b09fcf2b0bd8ce88fed6ad70e1a7</saml:NameID>
52 <saml:SubjectConfirmation Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer">
53 <saml:SubjectConfirmationData InResponseTo="_cdae718238ba9c207a35cc7c70b046a0" NotOnOrAfter="2019-03-13T22:49:33Z" Recipient="https://shibdemo-sp1.test.edu/Shibboleth.sso/SAML2/POST"/>
54 </saml:SubjectConfirmation>
55 </saml:Subject>
56 <saml:Conditions NotBefore="2019-03-13T22:44:03Z" NotOnOrAfter="2019-03-13T22:49:33Z">
57 <saml:AudienceRestriction>
58 <saml:Audience>https://shibdemo-sp1.test.edu/shibboleth</saml:Audience>
59 </saml:AudienceRestriction>
60 </saml:Conditions>
61 <saml:AuthnStatement AuthnInstant="2019-03-13T22:44:33Z" SessionIndex="_a52c3c1242663b44b706523f0a2ada454eb997e40a" SessionNotOnOrAfter="2019-03-14T06:44:33Z">
62 <saml:AuthnContext>
63 <saml:AuthnContextClassRef>urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:Password</saml:AuthnContextClassRef>
64 </saml:AuthnContext>
65 </saml:AuthnStatement>
66 <saml:AttributeStatement>
67 <saml:Attribute Name="uid" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic">
68 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">epi</saml:AttributeValue>
69 </saml:Attribute>
70 <saml:Attribute Name="mail" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic">
71 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">epi@test.edu</saml:AttributeValue>
72 </saml:Attribute>
73 <saml:Attribute Name="first_name" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic">
74 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">epi</saml:AttributeValue>
75 </saml:Attribute>
76 <saml:Attribute Name="last_name" NameFormat="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:attrname-format:basic">
77 <saml:AttributeValue xsi:type="xs:string">bar</saml:AttributeValue>
78 </saml:Attribute>
79 </saml:AttributeStatement>
80 </saml:Assertion>
81</samlp:Response>Here’s a more straightforward visual representation of the same SAML Response.

Now that we’ve authenticated with the IdP and it has generated the SAML Response above, it responds to our authentication with another 302 redirect.
HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2019 20:54:53 GMT
Expires: 0
Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, max-age=0
Pragma: no-cache
Set-Cookie: _idp_session=MTkyLjE2OC4xLjk2%7CNmE1OWIwOTkxMjkzZjMyOTk2Yjg3NzE0NWNjYTkwYTliNGM1NDViZjRkZDhmY2M5OGQ2NmVjOGZlZTc0NzY1Ng%3D%3D%7CXWP3eN6ZeRPWk%2Bnj5AhRklHyIyU%3D; Version=1; Path=/idp; Secure
Location: https://shibdemo-idp.test.edu:443/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO
Content-Length: 0
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8The 302 ultimately leads to us making a POST request to the Service Provider’s Assertion Consumer Service URL. The POST body contains the RelayState and SAMLResponse parameters. Recall that the ACS processes and validates the SAML Response.
POST /Shibboleth.sso/SAML2/POST HTTP/1.1
Host: shibdemo-sp1.test.edu
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:65.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/65.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: https://shibdemo-idp.test.edu/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 12314
Connection: close
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
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%3D%3DOnce the POST request is received, and the SAML Response is validated, we can access the protected resource we initially requested.
GET /secure/ HTTP/1.1
Host: shibdemo-sp1.test.edu
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:65.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/65.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: https://shibdemo-idp.test.edu/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO
Connection: close
Cookie: _shibsession_64656661756c7468747470733a2f2f7368696264656d6f2d7370312e746573742e6564752f73686962626f6c657468=_ac05716a62d3ee9450c863b093f32bbb
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2019 20:55:04 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.3 (CentOS)
X-Powered-By: PHP/5.1.6
Content-Length: 1047
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>IDM Integration</title>
-------------8<-------------We’re almost done covering all the basics we need to cover in order to move on to the actual testing! The last item we need to cover is XML Signatures. Interestingly, XML Signatures can be used to sign either a whole XML tree or specific elements within the tree. We already saw earlier that two separate XML Signatures were used in our example SAML Response. Each signature was responsible for a different part of the Response. In this section, we’ll look at the different ways an XML Signature can be incorporated into an XML document. Something to note is that while our examples use the Response element as the resource to be signed, XML Signatures can be applied to any Object, including Assertion elements.
A basic XML Signature is comprised of the following elements.
<Signature>
<SignedInfo>
<CanonicalizationMethod />
<SignatureMethod />
<Reference>
<Transforms />
<DigestMethod />
<DigestValue />
</Reference>
<Reference />
</SignedInfo>
<SignatureValue />
<KeyInfo />
<Object />
</Signature>Of particular note for us is that each resource to be signed has its own Reference element. The Reference element’s URI attribute denotes which resource is signed by that particular Signature. By examining our example from earlier, we can see this in practice.
<samlp:Response ... ID="_2af3ff4a06aa82058f0eaa8ae7866541" ... >
...
<ds:Signature>
<ds:SignedInfo>
...
<ds:Reference URI="#_2af3ff4a06aa82058f0eaa8ae7866541">
...
</ds:Reference>
</ds:SignedInfo>
</ds:Signature>
...
</samlp:Response>What we saw in our example earlier is known as an enveloped signature. An enveloped signature is when the signature itself is a descendant of the resource it’s signing. We can see that spelled out for us in the ds:Transform element of our example.
<ds:Reference URI="#_2af3ff4a06aa82058f0eaa8ae7866541">
<ds:Transforms>
<ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"/>
...
</ds:Transforms>
...
</ds:Reference>In addition to enveloped signatures, there are enveloping signatures where the signature wraps the resource, instead of the other way around.
<ds:Signature>
<ds:SignedInfo>
...
<ds:Reference URI="#_2af3ff4a06aa82058f0eaa8ae7866541">
...
</ds:Reference>
</ds:SignedInfo>
<samlp:Response ... ID="_2af3ff4a06aa82058f0eaa8ae7866541" ... >
...
</samlp:Response>
</ds:Signature>Finally, there are detached signatures. A detached signature is neither wrapping nor is it wrapped by the resource to be signed. Instead, it is wholly separate from the signed resource.
<samlp:Response ... ID="_2af3ff4a06aa82058f0eaa8ae7866541" ... >
...
</samlp:Response>
<ds:Signature>
<ds:SignedInfo>
...
<ds:Reference URI="#_2af3ff4a06aa82058f0eaa8ae7866541">
...
</ds:Reference>
</ds:SignedInfo>
</ds:Signature>We’ve accumulated a baseline of knowledge, and are ready to get into the security implications of what we just learned. The interplay between Signatures, Assertions, and Responses make up the meat of the next post in this series. We’ll examine different attack vectors associated with SAML after which we’ll do a deep dive into the SAML Raider plugin for BurpSuite. Check out Part II!